The Cold War And The Soviet Union - 2378 Words

For the latter part of the 21st century, The United States was entangled in a battle of ideologies that almost brought the World to its first nuclear war. The United States and Russia have had unstable relations for greater part of the twentieth century and still remains present, to a degree, today. The Cold War is commonly classified as the time period following World War II in 1947 to the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, in which the United States and the Soviet Union were involved in a battle of ideologies as to how states should be structured in the era after World War II. What many people do not realize is that the Soviet Union had the fullest of intentions to remain allies with the United States, as did the United States, in the†¦show more content†¦First, I am going to provide a background of the formation of the communist state of the Soviet Union, a key piece in understanding the nature behind the ideological difference. Next, a key series of events took place towa rds the end of WWII and in the years immediately following the war, such as the death of Roosevelt, military action taken in Japan and Korea, and the various manifestos of 1946. The paper will conclude with the implications of the Cold War on foreign affairs in today’s society. The USSR was formed in 1922 and the earth was introduced to its first communist operating state. In February of 1917, Russia saw crowds of angry citizens flood the streets of Petrograd in protest of the brutal losses suffered in WWI. This conflict lead to a fall of the czar autocracy that had reigned over Russia, and power was shared between the provisional government and the Petrograd Soviet. During this vulnerable state that Russia found itself in, Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin launched a successful coup of the government and established the world’s first Marxist state. This significance of this event lies within the fact that this was the first time that a form of extreme socialism (Bolshev ism) had committed itself to violent revolution and seized control of a major state. This set up a nation, that in nature, had an ideology that conflicted with those of which the United States were founded upon. This Union of states that were all governed under the same

Child Labor Essay - 2155 Words

Child Labor The next time when you are out on your shopping trip, chances you may have support a business that exploits children. It is very disturbing and heartbreaking to learn many children are chained to looms for 12 hours a day because families need to have their child bringing home a small amount of moneys. Child labor has always been a difficult subject to address, the topic have become much more complicated and prolific. Child Labor is not an isolated problem. The phenomenon of child labor is an effect of economic discrimination. In different parts of the world, at different stages of histories, laboring of child has been a part of economic life. More than 200 million children worldwide, some are as young as 4 and 5†¦show more content†¦Most of them (57 million) were in Asia. However, over the previous ten years, he found that the absolute number of children working was declining in Asia but rising in the Americas and Africa, sharply in the latter. The problem is enormous, but the trend, fortunately, is heading in the right direction. The overall growth of an economy is by no means the only factor, nor for that matter the most important factor, in the mitigation of child labor. Depending upon many variables, from economic development, to political structure, corruption, and other external factors, some families need to have their child bringing home a small amount of moneys. Therefore , the child labor phenomenon is reasonable. One important which caused child labor is the poverty. The birthrate is so high that create overpopulation and cause poverty and lack of primary education. One way that many families in traditional societies attempt to cope with the pressure of overpopulation and the resulting unemployment is to send children to urban areas to find cash employment. Sending their child out on the labor force is a way to exchange for small loans or to repay the debts of the parents or grandparents. In most Asia countries, they don’t have social security for the elder, so parents often rely on their children for financial support. There were some disturbing cases that children are bought and sold for cash or for the settlement of a debt. SomeShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of Child Labor1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthat â€Å"Globally there are 168 million child laborers, over half of which, 85 million, are in hazardous work conditions† (ILO). C hild labor is not a new phenomenon by any means; it has been going on for years and has become a social issue. This paper aims to portray the nature of child labor in India. It looks at the definition of child labor, the prevalence, and factors that lead children to work. Definition Often time people assume that the meaning of child labor is clear-cut. However, there is littleRead MoreChild Labor1885 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"Child labor† By Elie Bou Chaaya ENL 110 Section â€Å"D† Miss Zeina Fayyad 18, January, 2008 Outline: Thesis statement: Child labor nowadays is considered to be a social injustice due to its harmful effects on the personal and psychological life of the child where the kinds of work offered to the child increases the amount of these effects regarding the solutions. I. Harmful personal and physical effects of child labor A. Low pay B. Very long work hours C. Forbids childrenRead MoreThe Dilemma Of Childhood And Child Labor837 Words   |  4 PagesChildren in Need The dilemma of childhood and child labor are constantly being argued in overseas and domestic sociological literature. Anthropologists and Sociologists through the time have observed the history and the impact of social institutions on child labor. Professionals researching in the field of sociology of economics and labor by examining the incentive and value orientations of children and teenagers in the labor force, their principles and working conditions, and their outlook towardsRead MoreThe Issue Of Child Labor1196 Words   |  5 PagesThe issue of child labor has drawn significant attention since early 1990s as many labor union and special interest groups advocate banning import of goods produced by the child labor in developing countries and the international consensus in the form of Convention on the Right of the Child (CRC) which is widely ratified in 1989 by countries (Boyden, Ling and Myers, 1998). However, concern regarding child labor is not new and can be dated back to industrial revolution, especially late eighteenthRead MoreChild Labor And The United States2768 Words   |  12 Pages When one hears the term â€Å"Child Labor†, an image of children making low quality clothing in some dingy third world sweatshop inevitably comes to mind. While this imagery is unfortunately founded in fact, the third world is not the only area complicit with this heinous practice. Truthfully, we, as a nation are also guilty of propagating this heinous practice. For over a century, this nation’s youth were subjugated to exploitation and abuse at the hands of captains of industry in the hopes of extractingRead MoreChild Labor Industrialization Essay1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthat they should be protected. However, those people believed in a child s capacity to change the world in the future. While people in the past saw children as a way to change the world while they were children. In the late seventeenth century, industrialization arose in Englan d ushering in a new era of industry in our world. More industry means more workers, including children. With the rise of industrialization in a nation, child laborers are viciously abused due to their niche roles in productionRead MoreThe Effects Of Child Slavery And Child Labor On Chocolate Plantation1617 Words   |  7 PagesChild slavery and child labor on chocolate plantations is one of the world’s greatest concerns at the moment. Chocolate plantations are specifically mentioned because chocolate is such a large industry and many kids, particularly in tropical African countries, are affected by child labor. In Cà ´te d’Ivoire alone, around 15,000 children are slaves working on chocolate, or cacao, plantations. (american.edu) This problem is concerning because not only is it unethical, but child labor and, thereforeRead MoreChild Labor766 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Child Labor In AmericaTopic: The History Of Child LaborQuestion: In what ways was child l abor cruel to children?Thesis: Child labor in America has been very cruel and unfair to children as their jobs were not paid a decent amount of money, were working under terrible conditions, and they led to diseases. Starting in about the 1700s, hand labor was replaced by power driven machines to make jobs easier.1 The industrial revolution had begun, and families needed a job and money to be ableRead MoreChinas High Dependence On Child Labor1677 Words   |  7 PagesChild labor is a commonplace in China. Most of the children in China, families work income is dependent on their family’s survival. Child labor is a major issue throughout the global economy, especially in developing countries like China. Although, China has anti-child labor laws, many children in China are forced to work against their will. China is the home of many poor families and some of these families force their children to work because of their struggle with poverty and their lack of incomeRead MoreTakin g a Look at Child Labor1957 Words   |  8 PagesThe term ‘child labor is used for employment below a certain age, which is considered illegal by law and customs. Children are the greatest gift to humanity and Childhood is an important and impressionable stage of human development as it holds the potential to the future development of any society. A young child has yet to develop a substantial set of life experiences to allow for mature choices and decisions. Children depend on the support of adults to get them through life to ensure an adequate

“Sleep Improves Memory the Effect of Sleep on Long Free Essays

Journal Article Critique of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† Comprehension Purpose The Purpose of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† by Katya Trudeau Potkin, Willsiam E. Bunney, JR was to assign the selected students to sleep and no sleep conditions and compare tested results about adolescents on how getting sleep and not enough sleep could affect the memory. The results were an increase of 20. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long or any similar topic only for you Order Now % in long-term memory (Figure 1) was found as measured by the number correct in the paired-associate test following sleep, compared to the groups which was tested at the same time interval, but without sleep. Results/Conclusion The study showed that older adults performance did not improve following sleep. Sleep dependent memory consolidation decreases with age. Lack of sleep can cause the subject to not be able to reach his or her full potential on â€Å"cognitive performance† which was not observed in the sample (4). Analysis and Evaluation Strengths One of the strengths was that the groups tested were divided into two groups, â€Å"Twenty females and twenty male adolescents† (1). I feel that it was evenly distributed to find out if it affected male or female differently. Each subject had a better experience of testing with the comfort of his or her home and was able to eat a good meal before testing. Subjects were asked about how good of nights rest did they get and most of the answers were good to very good which made the testing a little bit more accurate. The students were also given the test over the weekends and school breaks inside a quiet room, away from all distractions. The sleep group’s mean age was 12. 9 compared to 12. 4 for the non-sleep group (t= (1. 52), df (1,38), p =0. 14). (See Table 1 for demographic characteristics and performance scores). There was no statistically significant sex difference in performance for either task (2). The test used to test memory on the subjects is called the paired-associate test. This test is the standard way to monitor memory. The memory is measured by using this scale (2). The results that were given were compared to another outside study group and after comparing the two, the outcomes were consistent. The studies showed that it didn’t matter what time of day, but periods of sleep helped enhance the declarative memory. Taking a nap at different times of the day is just as good as getting a full nights rest, not saying that its better than a full nights rest but it helps to build and repair memory. Weaknesses The author stated that â€Å"It is important to have data on the effects of normal sleep† (4). There are so many different types of sleep disorders that can keep someone from getting a good night’s rest. One paragraph states â€Å"Sleep disorders are even more prevalent in adolescents with psychiatric disorders and developmental disabilities† (4). Twenty five to forty percent of adolescents have sleep disorders. It’s very important to get data on the effects of normal sleep. There are consequences from having lack of sleep and bad sleep patterns, none of these things were talked about in the studies of the subjects. All of the subjects that were chosen were healthy and didn’t have any health issues. If there were to be someone with these issues, then the numbers would be different. Some other studies of sleep that effects other types of memory wasn’t used in this article, for example visual, procedural and emotional memory. The chart used in this article is very hard to understand but this is the standard chart to use for documenting memory. This chart is hard to understand when looked at for the first time; it just looks like numbers on a page. Another issue that I had with the article is the studies ended with using adolescents. Synthesis and Evaluation One of the major changes that I feel should be done is to create a longer sample. One paragraph stated â€Å"Our study was limited as the sample was pportune† (4). There were a lot of sources that could have been used but wasn’t. Memory would be more understandable if there were more included. People with sleep disorders could have been included to show how that affects memory. Another thing that could help understand memory is if adults, middle age and the elderly were used. The older you get, your memory starts to taper off and remains the same then it declines as you grow even older. Memory is at its greatest when you are an adolescent and memory is at its worse when you are elderly. Alzheimer is a big factor when dealing with the elderly. The mind can deteriorate if rest is needed over a long time period. If the body continues to go without rest over the years then it will be hard for the mind to repair itself. This topic would have been something to help us understand memory as we age. I would have added a formula to the chart to show how the numbers come about. The bar graph was something good as a visual but how did we get those numbers? I would have shown step by step process on how to make these calculations. The research results were compared to another study from an outside source, on the same subject and the outcomes matched. We can’t come to conclusion that these answers are right because it is simply not enough information to say these results are true. I think that if the results were compared to even more outside sources to see how the results compare would give us a wider range and more accurate results. These are just a few ways that I think would have made this article stronger and better to understand. Works Cited Potkin KT, Bunney WE Jr. â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Longterm Memory in Early Adolescents†. Plos one 7. 8 (August 2012): 1-4. Academic Search Complete PsycINFO. EBSCO. Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC. 28 Feb 2013 How to cite â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long, Papers

Strained Silicon MOSFET - CMOS - FINEET Technology †Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Strained silicon MOSFET technology, CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology. Answer: Introduction Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor are two most efficient technologies for constructing the integrated circuit (Avci et al. 2013). Most of the industries are using these technologies for developing the integrated circuits. The following assignment is done to highlight the effectiveness MOSFET/CMOS technologies in the present scenario. The comparison is being presented in this assignment among three articles regarding MOSFET/CMOS technology and logic design. Article 1: Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology This paper is reviewing the improvisations associated with biaxial tensile stress in Si and p-MOSFETs. The high channel doping in strained silicon enhances the electron mobility. This aspect is characterized in strained silicon n-MOSFET in this paper (Hoyt et al. (2002). The mobility in the channel dopants is induced by lowering of the carrier concentration in the inversion layer. It results into the reduction in strain- induced mobility enhancement. However, the enhancement is recovered at the high inversion charge concentration (Avci et al. 2013). There are several processes of integration challenges and opportunities associated with strained silicon n-MOSFET technology. This can be explained using dopant diffusion and the huge impact in strained Si CMOS structure. Working principle of Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology The mobility of the carriers within the inversion layer in Si-MOSFET is used as physical element to define the drain current. This aspect is utilized to study the 2- dimensional carrier system. The electron and hole mobility follows the universal curve at the room temperature in the inversion layer that is independent of the biased substrate (Tanaka et al. 2016). In the week region of the inversion layer Coulomb scattering dominates the other carriers. Increase in the effective normal field causes the effective scattering of acoustic phonon to govern the mobility. High value of effective normal field causes the increase in surface roughness scattering and phonon smattering. Therefore, high doping in channel is needed to regulate the threshold voltage. The mobility enhancement of the channel carriers are done at high channel doping. The strain induced on the electro mobility of Si- MOSFETs is totally dependent on the sub band structure of the channel. Advantages: Strained Silicon technology is used to boost planar bulk transistor enactment than the CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology. Provide more speed than the CMOS digital technology and FINEET technology. Disadvantages: Uses more power than the Low Power CMOS Digital Design technology. Logically it is critical to design than CMOS digital technology and FINEET technology. Article 2: FINEET technology The difficulties faced for scaling of the planner CMOS transistors, a considerable control in gate to channel region introduces the FINEET technology (Liu and Peide 2012). This article is elaborating the working principle, application sectors and challenges of the FINEET technologies. The effectiveness of the FINEET is it is self aligned, double-gate and comprised of CMOS circuits (Jurczak et al. 2016). Working principle of FINEET technology FINEET technology uses a huge part of the conventional CMOS fabrication process. The gate in FINEET requires tighter control of process rather than other planner counterpart. 20 nm width of the gate provides low threshold voltage to the circuit. As the channel is entirely depleted, the threshold voltage is limited to the gate work function (Tanaka et al. 2016). The FINEET is basically fabricated on the substrates and the vertical sidewalls of the posses and orientation about (110)/. P- Type MOSFET generally shows the higher performance as it has effective hole mobility enhancement characteristics (Jin et al. 2016). Effective drive current can be achieved by the mobility boost up are necessary. The FINEET access resistance provides damaging impact on the high speed operations. This aspect creates problems during the formation of 3-D junctions. Small change in the implantation angle changes the implanted dose involved in the fin processing. Advantages FINEET operates in much lower range of voltage than strained silicon MOSFET and CMOS digital technology, so the ease of operation is higher for it. Operating speed is 30% more than the non-FINEET technologies. Disadvantages FINEET is not useful in comparison with the CMOS digital technology and Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology as higher doping concentration in the channel of the FINEET increases the RDF and decreases the utility of the FINEET. High amount of the sensitivity to FIN dimensions introduces tight blockages for the controlling process of the FINEET. So it involves high power consumptions than strained silicon MOSFET and CMOS digital design technology. Article 3: Low power digital CMOS design Low power CMOS digital design technology provides the motivational aspect to the technological development regarding the emerged battery operated an application that introduces the demands of portable environments (Avci et al. 2013). This aspect reduces the power consumption in the CMOS circuits. This article shows the circuits which utilizes low power consumptions. In this article the architectural framework is presented which shows the elements which introduce low power consumption in the system (Chandrakasan et al. 1992). Working principle of low power intake in CMOS digital design The low power consumption in CMOS digital logic design is divided into three parts mainly: static, dynamic, and short circuit power intake. Switching of power comprises both the dynamic and short circuit power (Jin et al. 2016). This aspect introduces into the system when the signals passes through the CMOS circuits and make change in the logic states of the gates (Liu and Peide 2012). This results into the charging and discharging of the load capacitors in the circuit. The static control is introduced when the transistor is in the stable logic state but it started to leak an amount of power in all junctions due to several effects. This introduces the leakage power in the circuit. Low- power consumption in CMOS design provides power consumption. This technology block the wastage of power. Advantages In comparison with the other two technologies mentioned CMOS digital design follows simple logical circuit. Power consumption is low compared to other technologies. Disadvantages In the scaling process of the CMOS technology there are some second order effects, such as sub- threshold operations etc. Reliability of the devices using this technology is low. Conclusion Strained silicon MOSFET technology, CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology are three most effective technologies utilized in the modern scenario. But the low power consumption issue made the CMOS digital design technology most effective and it will technologically exists over next five years. According to the technological features, FINEET is not useful in most of the cases as it possess high power consumption and high doping concentration in the inversion layer. References Avci, U.E., Morris, D.H., Hasan, S., Kotlyar, R., Kim, R., Rios, R., Nikonov, D.E. and Young, I.A., 2013, December. Energy efficiency comparison of nanowire heterojunction TFET and Si MOSFET at L g= 13nm, including P-TFET and variation considerations. In2013 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting(pp. 33-4). IEEE. Barraud, S., Berthome, M., Coquand, R., Casse, M., Ernst, T., Samson, M.P., Perreau, P., Bourdelle, K.K., Faynot, O. and Poiroux, T., 2012. Scaling of trigate junctionless nanowire MOSFET with gate length down to 13 nm.IEEE Electron Device Letters,33(9), pp.1225-1227. Chandrakasan, A., Sheng,, S. and Brodersen,, R. (1992). Low-Power CMOS Digital Design.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, 27(4), pp.473-484. Chen, Z., Yao, Y., Boroyevich, D., Ngo, K.D., Mattavelli, P. and Rajashekara, K., 2014. A 1200-V, 60-A SiC MOSFET multichip phase-leg module for high-temperature, high-frequency applications.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,29(5), pp.2307-2320. Hnsch, W., 2012.The drift diffusion equation and its applications in MOSFET modeling. Springer Science Business Media, pp- 40-60. Hoyt, J., Nayfeh, H., Eguchi, S., Aberg, I., Xia, G., Drake, T., Fitzgerald, E. and Antoniadis, D. (2002). Strained silicon MOSFET technology.IEEE, pp.23-26. Jin, L., Norrga, S. and Wallmark, O., 2016, May. Analysis of power losses in power MOSFET based stacked polyphase bridges converters. In2016 IEEE 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia)(pp. 3050-3055). IEEE. Jurczak, M., Collaert, N., Veloso, A., Hoffmann, T. and Biesemans, S. (2016). Review of FINFET technology.IEEE. Liu, H. and Peide, D.Y., 2012. Dual-gate MOSFET with atomic-layer-deposited as top-gate dielectric.IEEE Electron Device Letters,33(4), pp.546-548. Scrimizzi, F., Bazzano, G., Cavallaro, D., Comola, M., Consentino, G., Fortuna, S., Longo, G. and Pignataro, G., 2016. New LV Wide SOA Power MOSFET technology for Linear Mode operation.PCIM Europe 2016. Tanaka, C., Matsuzawa, K., Miyata, T., Adachi, K. and Hokazono, A., 2016, January. Investigation of BSIM4 parameter extraction and characterization for Multi Gate Oxide-Dual Work Function (MGO-DWF)-MOSFET. In2016 Joint International EUROSOI Workshop and International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon (EUROSOI-ULIS)(pp. 96-99). IEEE.

Finance Term Paper Essays - Tort Law, Contract Law, Liability

Finance Term Paper Money is like a fire, soothing to the eye, warming to the body and absolutely burning to your pocket!!! LEAGUE OF AMERICAN BICYCLISTS (LAB) RELEASE AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY, ASSUMPTION OF RISK AND INDEMNITY AGREEMENT (AGREEMENT) In consideration of being permitted to participate in Fredericksburg Cyclists sponsored Bicycling activitie(s), I for myself, my personal representatives, assigns, heirs and next of kin. 1. ACKNOWLEDGE, agree and represent that I understand the nature of Bicycling Activities and that I am qualified, in good health, and in proper physical condition to participate in such Activity. I further acknowledge that the Activity will be conducted over public roads and facilities open to the public during the Activity and upon which the hazards of traveling are to be expected. I further agree and warrant that if at any time I believe conditions to be unsafe, I will immediately discontinue further participation in the Activity. 2. FULLY UNDERSTAND that: (a) BICYCLING ACTIVITIES INVOLVE RISKS AND DANGERS OF SERIOUS BODILY INJURY INCLUDING PERMANENT DISABILITY, PARALYSIS, AND DEATH (RISKS); (b) these Risks and dangers may be caused by my own actions, or inactions, the actions or inactions of others participating in the Activity, the condition in which the Activity takes place or THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASEES NAMED BELOW; (c) there may be OTHER RISKS AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LOSSES either not known to me or not readily foreseeable at this time; and I FULLY ACCEPT AND ASSUME ALL SUCH RISKS AND ALL RESPONSIBILITY FRO LOSSES, COSTS, AND DAMAGES I incur as a result of my participation in the activity. 3. HEREBY RELEASE, DISCHARGE, COVENANT NOT TO SUE the CLUB, the LAB, their respective administrators, directors, agents, volunteers, and employees, other participants any sponsors, advertisers, and if applicable, owners and lessors of the premises on which the Activity takes place, (each considered one of the RELEASES herein) FROM ALL LIABILITY, CLAIMS, DEMANDS, LOSSES, OR DAMAGES ON MY ACCOUNT CAUSED OR ALLEGED TO BE CAUSED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASEES OR OTHERWISE INCLUDING NEGLIGENT RESCUE OPERATIONS; AND I FURTHER AGREE that if despite this RELEASE AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY I or anyone on my behalf, makes a claim against any of the Releasees, I WILL INDEMNIFY, SAVE AND HOLD HARMLESS EACH OF THE RELEASEES from any litigation expenses, attorney fees, loss, liability, damage, or cost which any may occur as a result of this claim. I HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT, FULLY UNDERSTAND ITS TERMS, UNDERSTAND THAT I HAVE GIVEN UP SUBSTANTIAL RIGHTS BY SIGNING IT, AND HAVE SIGNED FREELY AND WITHOUT ANY INDUCEMENT OR ASSURANCE OF ANY NATURE AND INTEND IT TO BE A COMPLETE AND UNCONDITIONAL RELEASE OF ALL LIABILITY TO THE GREATEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW AND AGREE THAT IF ANY PORTION OF THE AGREEMENT IS HELD TO BE INVALID, THE BALANCE NOTWITHSTANDING , SHALL CONTINUE IN FULL FORCE AND EFFECT. PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE: ___________________________________________________ If under 18 (Parent/Guardian) Signature: Daily Trail Release & Waiver of Liability & Indemnity Agreement Adapted with permission from the Red Rock Fourwheelers Club Sorry to slow the fun by making you wade through legal-ese, but when you get to an ORC-sponsored event, you'll be asked to sign the following release waiver. I'm sad that we can't take personal responsibility for granted, but in this increasingly litigious society, I think a disclaimer is a necessary precaution. It should also remind us that this is serious business and that we all have to be responsible for our own actions. If you need a spotter Business Reports

Benjamin Britten Biography

Benjamin Britten Biography Introduction A renowned classic music composer, soloist and director, Benjamin Britten was born in England, on November 22, 1913. Even in his childhood, he was actively involved in music, composing his first works at the tender age of five. From then on he progressed in creativity and composition even though he had no form of technical training in music. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, his mother was a part time singer and she aided his growth in approach and musical content. The Royal Falily is one of his well known compositions in his early childhood, which was about the death of the fifth son of George V in 1919. Educational background Frank Bridge, who was a well known music composer, became interested in Britten while he was still very young. Frank had a passion for developing innovative styles of music which led him to see the unique qualitie s of Britten’s work [1]. Frank was therefore in a sense responsible for mentoring Bitten, providing him with the technical understanding that Bitten needed to create quality compositions. The only well known institution that Britten enrolled into was the Royal College of Music in 1930 with a goal of studying musical composition and the piano under the tutorship of Arthur Benjamin, John Ireland and Harold Samuel [2]. It was here that his work begun receiving acclaim, for he went on to receive numerous awards for compositions like a â€Å"Boy was Born†, in 1933. Musical career From April 1935, Britten adopted music as a profession when he took on the job of creating music for documentary films produced by the General Post Office (GPO). It was here that he met W.H. Auden in July 1935, and they went on to work on several projects together while at GPO, including the films Coal Face, Night Mail and the song series â€Å"Our Hunting Fathers†. Auden was a brilliant p oet who went on to influence much of Britten’s 1942 composition; â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† [3]. It is while still working at GPO when Britten met Peter Pears in 1937, who later became his musical collaborator and a source for musical inspiration. It was in that same year that he composed â€Å"Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge† for string orchestra, one of his most remarkable works. Move to America The primary reason that made Britten move to America in 1939 was that at the time, Auden had immigrated to America. Another reason is that he was disgruntled by the cold reception that his work â€Å"A Pacifist March† had received, after he had composed it for the Peace Pledge Union [4]. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Along with his friend Peter Pears, they set off for the United States and eventually settled in Amityville, Long Island, New York. In 1940, Pears inspired Britten to composed â€Å"Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo†, the first among many songs that he would dedicate to Pears. His stay in America consequently influenced Britten, who together with Auden wrote an operetta, â€Å"Paul Bunyan† a musical drama which was followed by a number of works like â€Å"the Violin Concerto† and â€Å"Sinfonia da Requiem† for orchestra performance [5]. In 1943, Britten together with Pears returned to England and went on to release â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† which he had composed on his trip back from America in March, 1942 and shortly after his return, in 1943, he composed â€Å"Rejoice in the La† [6]. Famous works A unique quality that can among others be identified in Britten is his consistency. Through out his life, Brittan went on to write and compose music till his death in 1976. However, some of his works went ahead to receive great public acclaim and consequently won Britten a great number of prizes and awards. Britten’s most popular works include; â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†, â€Å"Peter Grimes† and â€Å"The War Requiem†. A Midsummer Nights Dream This is an opera by set to a libretto and was modified by Benjamin Britten together with Peter Pears and was drawn from William Shakespeares play, â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†. The sound is highly individual and harmoniously subtle and riddled with tenor undertones. Unlike most of his other works, Peter Pears did not assume a leading role on stage, as an alternative he took up the comical character of Flute. â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† won Britten the 1961 UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers Award. Peter Grimes Peter Grimes is also an opera with the libretto having been modified by Montagu Slater. The original Peter Grimes was from a section of George Crabbes poem â€Å"The Borough†. It is highly thought that the main reason why Britten moved bac k to England from America is because of this poem, because he strongly related with the misfortune of the fisherman named Peter Grimes [7]. However, Britten altered the personality of Grimes from the antagonist he was in Crabbes poem, to a victim of social injustices who is wrongly understood. In this opera, the borough is a fictional village which shares the same scenario with that of Crabbe and also to that of Aldeburgh, on Englands east coast, where in fact, Britten lived at the time. The opera therefore had several innuendos pointing at Britten’s and Pears’ life. In a broader sense, Peter Grimes was the first opera composed by Britten that was professionally criticized and popular among the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The War Requiem The War Requiem was written for the commemoration of Coventry Cathedral where it was first per formed on 30 May 1962. The core of this composition was full of pacifist signatures mainly so because the Battle of Britain in World War II had left the Coventry Cathedral completely ruined [8]. Britten was requested to compose something to be performed at the ceremony to officially announce the completion of a new cathedral which was designed by Basil Spence and was built next to the ruins of the original structure [9]. Bearing in mind that the work was to be presented inside the new cathedral, acoustics were definitely to be included since Brittan was an accomplished acoustic pianist. The ceremony was graced by a number of Britten’s works, including Tippetts opera King Priam. The War Requiem was dedicated to four of Brittens friends who were killed during World War I, and was used to send a strong pacifist message. It was not a glorification of the British troops, rather a public declaration of Brittens anti-war convictions. This piece pointed out to others the wickedness of war, and not necessarily the wickedness of human beings [10]. Britten wrote the War Requiem for a German, a Russian and a British soloist, meaning he viewed war as a universal loss and not just loss to his home country, and therefore emphasized the need for unity and peace. Effectively, the War Requiem was as well intended to serve as a warning to future generations, negating the absurdity of taking up arms against fellow human beings. Among all of his works, The War Requiem has by far been deemed the most popular to this day. Consequently, he went on to receive numerous awards due to this piece even after his death. Some of the prizes he received are â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Classical Album of the Year†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Performance†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Composition by a Contemporary Composer†, Sonning Award 1967, â€Å"BRIT Awards 1977 Best Orchestral Album† and the â€Å"Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998†. Conclusion There is no doubt that Benjamin Britten was a gifted individual when it came to music. Apart from being a skilled pianist, he composed some remarkable works and was also a music conductor. He drew inspiration from the people he surrounded himself with like Peter Pears and the poet Auden. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Britten did however face rejection from other composers whom did no find his style trendy. He was forced to move away from London due to the rejection which can be seen in most of his work. Most of his leading characters are misunderstood by the society that they are in and it is possible that he was pointing at himself. All in all, Britten’s work will surely prevail for a long time for his compositions are performed. References Carpenter, Humphrey. Benjamin Britten: A Biography. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992. Evans, Peter. The Music of Benjamin Britten. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979. Kennedy, Michael. Britten Works. London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981. [1] Humphrey Carpenter. Benjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 32 [2] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21. [3] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [4] Humphrey Carpenter. B enjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 38. [5] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [6] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 46. [7] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 75. [8] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 117. [9] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [10] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21.

Providing school guidance with children that are being bullied Research Paper

Providing school guidance with children that are being bullied - Research Paper Example ng through email, instant messaging, in a chat room, on a website or gaming site, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone† (Kowalski, Limber, & Agatston 2007, as cited in Tippett, Thompson, & Smith, n.d., p.1). The pervasive and insidious character of cyber bullying enabling it to penetrate even the sanctuary of homes has increasingly worried parents as they know that the technology to which their children are largely exposed to is the same technology that cyber bullies anonymously manipulate to harm others (Mclaughlin, 2008, par.3). Statistical data on the extent of bullying vary. â€Å"However, the general consensus is that one out of three children are bullied at school, in the neighborhood, or online and that one out of three children bully others† (American Association of School Administrators, 2009, p.7). â€Å"Surveys indicate that as many as half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis† (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008, par.1). International studies revealed that, â€Å"bullying is common and affects anywhere from 9% to 54% of children† (Yale University 2008, par.6). â€Å"Nearly three in four teenagers say they were bullied online at least once during a recent 12-mont period† (University of California, 2008, par. 1). Californian researchers’ new study discovered that almost 90% of third graders to sixth graders experienced being bullied, while 56% admitted being bullies themselves (Harding, 2007, par. 1). Much had been documented about the effects of bullying. â€Å"An estimated 160,000 children miss school everyday out of fear of attack or intimidation by other students† (â€Å"Watch for warning signs,† 2006, par. 1). â€Å"Children who are bullied suffer more greatly from anxiety, depression, loneliness, and post-traumatic stress than do other children, and they have a heightened risk of suicide (Marini, Dane, Bosacki, & YLC-CURA 2006,