“Sleep Improves Memory the Effect of Sleep on Long Free Essays

Journal Article Critique of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† Comprehension Purpose The Purpose of â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Long Term Memory in Early Adolescence† by Katya Trudeau Potkin, Willsiam E. Bunney, JR was to assign the selected students to sleep and no sleep conditions and compare tested results about adolescents on how getting sleep and not enough sleep could affect the memory. The results were an increase of 20. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long or any similar topic only for you Order Now % in long-term memory (Figure 1) was found as measured by the number correct in the paired-associate test following sleep, compared to the groups which was tested at the same time interval, but without sleep. Results/Conclusion The study showed that older adults performance did not improve following sleep. Sleep dependent memory consolidation decreases with age. Lack of sleep can cause the subject to not be able to reach his or her full potential on â€Å"cognitive performance† which was not observed in the sample (4). Analysis and Evaluation Strengths One of the strengths was that the groups tested were divided into two groups, â€Å"Twenty females and twenty male adolescents† (1). I feel that it was evenly distributed to find out if it affected male or female differently. Each subject had a better experience of testing with the comfort of his or her home and was able to eat a good meal before testing. Subjects were asked about how good of nights rest did they get and most of the answers were good to very good which made the testing a little bit more accurate. The students were also given the test over the weekends and school breaks inside a quiet room, away from all distractions. The sleep group’s mean age was 12. 9 compared to 12. 4 for the non-sleep group (t= (1. 52), df (1,38), p =0. 14). (See Table 1 for demographic characteristics and performance scores). There was no statistically significant sex difference in performance for either task (2). The test used to test memory on the subjects is called the paired-associate test. This test is the standard way to monitor memory. The memory is measured by using this scale (2). The results that were given were compared to another outside study group and after comparing the two, the outcomes were consistent. The studies showed that it didn’t matter what time of day, but periods of sleep helped enhance the declarative memory. Taking a nap at different times of the day is just as good as getting a full nights rest, not saying that its better than a full nights rest but it helps to build and repair memory. Weaknesses The author stated that â€Å"It is important to have data on the effects of normal sleep† (4). There are so many different types of sleep disorders that can keep someone from getting a good night’s rest. One paragraph states â€Å"Sleep disorders are even more prevalent in adolescents with psychiatric disorders and developmental disabilities† (4). Twenty five to forty percent of adolescents have sleep disorders. It’s very important to get data on the effects of normal sleep. There are consequences from having lack of sleep and bad sleep patterns, none of these things were talked about in the studies of the subjects. All of the subjects that were chosen were healthy and didn’t have any health issues. If there were to be someone with these issues, then the numbers would be different. Some other studies of sleep that effects other types of memory wasn’t used in this article, for example visual, procedural and emotional memory. The chart used in this article is very hard to understand but this is the standard chart to use for documenting memory. This chart is hard to understand when looked at for the first time; it just looks like numbers on a page. Another issue that I had with the article is the studies ended with using adolescents. Synthesis and Evaluation One of the major changes that I feel should be done is to create a longer sample. One paragraph stated â€Å"Our study was limited as the sample was pportune† (4). There were a lot of sources that could have been used but wasn’t. Memory would be more understandable if there were more included. People with sleep disorders could have been included to show how that affects memory. Another thing that could help understand memory is if adults, middle age and the elderly were used. The older you get, your memory starts to taper off and remains the same then it declines as you grow even older. Memory is at its greatest when you are an adolescent and memory is at its worse when you are elderly. Alzheimer is a big factor when dealing with the elderly. The mind can deteriorate if rest is needed over a long time period. If the body continues to go without rest over the years then it will be hard for the mind to repair itself. This topic would have been something to help us understand memory as we age. I would have added a formula to the chart to show how the numbers come about. The bar graph was something good as a visual but how did we get those numbers? I would have shown step by step process on how to make these calculations. The research results were compared to another study from an outside source, on the same subject and the outcomes matched. We can’t come to conclusion that these answers are right because it is simply not enough information to say these results are true. I think that if the results were compared to even more outside sources to see how the results compare would give us a wider range and more accurate results. These are just a few ways that I think would have made this article stronger and better to understand. Works Cited Potkin KT, Bunney WE Jr. â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: The Effect of Sleep on Longterm Memory in Early Adolescents†. Plos one 7. 8 (August 2012): 1-4. Academic Search Complete PsycINFO. EBSCO. Wake Technical Community College, Raleigh, NC. 28 Feb 2013 How to cite â€Å"Sleep Improves Memory: the Effect of Sleep on Long, Papers

Strained Silicon MOSFET - CMOS - FINEET Technology †Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Strained silicon MOSFET technology, CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology. Answer: Introduction Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor and Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor are two most efficient technologies for constructing the integrated circuit (Avci et al. 2013). Most of the industries are using these technologies for developing the integrated circuits. The following assignment is done to highlight the effectiveness MOSFET/CMOS technologies in the present scenario. The comparison is being presented in this assignment among three articles regarding MOSFET/CMOS technology and logic design. Article 1: Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology This paper is reviewing the improvisations associated with biaxial tensile stress in Si and p-MOSFETs. The high channel doping in strained silicon enhances the electron mobility. This aspect is characterized in strained silicon n-MOSFET in this paper (Hoyt et al. (2002). The mobility in the channel dopants is induced by lowering of the carrier concentration in the inversion layer. It results into the reduction in strain- induced mobility enhancement. However, the enhancement is recovered at the high inversion charge concentration (Avci et al. 2013). There are several processes of integration challenges and opportunities associated with strained silicon n-MOSFET technology. This can be explained using dopant diffusion and the huge impact in strained Si CMOS structure. Working principle of Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology The mobility of the carriers within the inversion layer in Si-MOSFET is used as physical element to define the drain current. This aspect is utilized to study the 2- dimensional carrier system. The electron and hole mobility follows the universal curve at the room temperature in the inversion layer that is independent of the biased substrate (Tanaka et al. 2016). In the week region of the inversion layer Coulomb scattering dominates the other carriers. Increase in the effective normal field causes the effective scattering of acoustic phonon to govern the mobility. High value of effective normal field causes the increase in surface roughness scattering and phonon smattering. Therefore, high doping in channel is needed to regulate the threshold voltage. The mobility enhancement of the channel carriers are done at high channel doping. The strain induced on the electro mobility of Si- MOSFETs is totally dependent on the sub band structure of the channel. Advantages: Strained Silicon technology is used to boost planar bulk transistor enactment than the CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology. Provide more speed than the CMOS digital technology and FINEET technology. Disadvantages: Uses more power than the Low Power CMOS Digital Design technology. Logically it is critical to design than CMOS digital technology and FINEET technology. Article 2: FINEET technology The difficulties faced for scaling of the planner CMOS transistors, a considerable control in gate to channel region introduces the FINEET technology (Liu and Peide 2012). This article is elaborating the working principle, application sectors and challenges of the FINEET technologies. The effectiveness of the FINEET is it is self aligned, double-gate and comprised of CMOS circuits (Jurczak et al. 2016). Working principle of FINEET technology FINEET technology uses a huge part of the conventional CMOS fabrication process. The gate in FINEET requires tighter control of process rather than other planner counterpart. 20 nm width of the gate provides low threshold voltage to the circuit. As the channel is entirely depleted, the threshold voltage is limited to the gate work function (Tanaka et al. 2016). The FINEET is basically fabricated on the substrates and the vertical sidewalls of the posses and orientation about (110)/. P- Type MOSFET generally shows the higher performance as it has effective hole mobility enhancement characteristics (Jin et al. 2016). Effective drive current can be achieved by the mobility boost up are necessary. The FINEET access resistance provides damaging impact on the high speed operations. This aspect creates problems during the formation of 3-D junctions. Small change in the implantation angle changes the implanted dose involved in the fin processing. Advantages FINEET operates in much lower range of voltage than strained silicon MOSFET and CMOS digital technology, so the ease of operation is higher for it. Operating speed is 30% more than the non-FINEET technologies. Disadvantages FINEET is not useful in comparison with the CMOS digital technology and Strained Silicon MOSFET Technology as higher doping concentration in the channel of the FINEET increases the RDF and decreases the utility of the FINEET. High amount of the sensitivity to FIN dimensions introduces tight blockages for the controlling process of the FINEET. So it involves high power consumptions than strained silicon MOSFET and CMOS digital design technology. Article 3: Low power digital CMOS design Low power CMOS digital design technology provides the motivational aspect to the technological development regarding the emerged battery operated an application that introduces the demands of portable environments (Avci et al. 2013). This aspect reduces the power consumption in the CMOS circuits. This article shows the circuits which utilizes low power consumptions. In this article the architectural framework is presented which shows the elements which introduce low power consumption in the system (Chandrakasan et al. 1992). Working principle of low power intake in CMOS digital design The low power consumption in CMOS digital logic design is divided into three parts mainly: static, dynamic, and short circuit power intake. Switching of power comprises both the dynamic and short circuit power (Jin et al. 2016). This aspect introduces into the system when the signals passes through the CMOS circuits and make change in the logic states of the gates (Liu and Peide 2012). This results into the charging and discharging of the load capacitors in the circuit. The static control is introduced when the transistor is in the stable logic state but it started to leak an amount of power in all junctions due to several effects. This introduces the leakage power in the circuit. Low- power consumption in CMOS design provides power consumption. This technology block the wastage of power. Advantages In comparison with the other two technologies mentioned CMOS digital design follows simple logical circuit. Power consumption is low compared to other technologies. Disadvantages In the scaling process of the CMOS technology there are some second order effects, such as sub- threshold operations etc. Reliability of the devices using this technology is low. Conclusion Strained silicon MOSFET technology, CMOS digital design technology and FINEET technology are three most effective technologies utilized in the modern scenario. But the low power consumption issue made the CMOS digital design technology most effective and it will technologically exists over next five years. According to the technological features, FINEET is not useful in most of the cases as it possess high power consumption and high doping concentration in the inversion layer. References Avci, U.E., Morris, D.H., Hasan, S., Kotlyar, R., Kim, R., Rios, R., Nikonov, D.E. and Young, I.A., 2013, December. Energy efficiency comparison of nanowire heterojunction TFET and Si MOSFET at L g= 13nm, including P-TFET and variation considerations. In2013 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting(pp. 33-4). IEEE. Barraud, S., Berthome, M., Coquand, R., Casse, M., Ernst, T., Samson, M.P., Perreau, P., Bourdelle, K.K., Faynot, O. and Poiroux, T., 2012. Scaling of trigate junctionless nanowire MOSFET with gate length down to 13 nm.IEEE Electron Device Letters,33(9), pp.1225-1227. Chandrakasan, A., Sheng,, S. and Brodersen,, R. (1992). Low-Power CMOS Digital Design.IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, 27(4), pp.473-484. Chen, Z., Yao, Y., Boroyevich, D., Ngo, K.D., Mattavelli, P. and Rajashekara, K., 2014. A 1200-V, 60-A SiC MOSFET multichip phase-leg module for high-temperature, high-frequency applications.IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics,29(5), pp.2307-2320. Hnsch, W., 2012.The drift diffusion equation and its applications in MOSFET modeling. Springer Science Business Media, pp- 40-60. Hoyt, J., Nayfeh, H., Eguchi, S., Aberg, I., Xia, G., Drake, T., Fitzgerald, E. and Antoniadis, D. (2002). Strained silicon MOSFET technology.IEEE, pp.23-26. Jin, L., Norrga, S. and Wallmark, O., 2016, May. Analysis of power losses in power MOSFET based stacked polyphase bridges converters. In2016 IEEE 8th International Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference (IPEMC-ECCE Asia)(pp. 3050-3055). IEEE. Jurczak, M., Collaert, N., Veloso, A., Hoffmann, T. and Biesemans, S. (2016). Review of FINFET technology.IEEE. Liu, H. and Peide, D.Y., 2012. Dual-gate MOSFET with atomic-layer-deposited as top-gate dielectric.IEEE Electron Device Letters,33(4), pp.546-548. Scrimizzi, F., Bazzano, G., Cavallaro, D., Comola, M., Consentino, G., Fortuna, S., Longo, G. and Pignataro, G., 2016. New LV Wide SOA Power MOSFET technology for Linear Mode operation.PCIM Europe 2016. Tanaka, C., Matsuzawa, K., Miyata, T., Adachi, K. and Hokazono, A., 2016, January. Investigation of BSIM4 parameter extraction and characterization for Multi Gate Oxide-Dual Work Function (MGO-DWF)-MOSFET. In2016 Joint International EUROSOI Workshop and International Conference on Ultimate Integration on Silicon (EUROSOI-ULIS)(pp. 96-99). IEEE.

Finance Term Paper Essays - Tort Law, Contract Law, Liability

Finance Term Paper Money is like a fire, soothing to the eye, warming to the body and absolutely burning to your pocket!!! LEAGUE OF AMERICAN BICYCLISTS (LAB) RELEASE AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY, ASSUMPTION OF RISK AND INDEMNITY AGREEMENT (AGREEMENT) In consideration of being permitted to participate in Fredericksburg Cyclists sponsored Bicycling activitie(s), I for myself, my personal representatives, assigns, heirs and next of kin. 1. ACKNOWLEDGE, agree and represent that I understand the nature of Bicycling Activities and that I am qualified, in good health, and in proper physical condition to participate in such Activity. I further acknowledge that the Activity will be conducted over public roads and facilities open to the public during the Activity and upon which the hazards of traveling are to be expected. I further agree and warrant that if at any time I believe conditions to be unsafe, I will immediately discontinue further participation in the Activity. 2. FULLY UNDERSTAND that: (a) BICYCLING ACTIVITIES INVOLVE RISKS AND DANGERS OF SERIOUS BODILY INJURY INCLUDING PERMANENT DISABILITY, PARALYSIS, AND DEATH (RISKS); (b) these Risks and dangers may be caused by my own actions, or inactions, the actions or inactions of others participating in the Activity, the condition in which the Activity takes place or THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASEES NAMED BELOW; (c) there may be OTHER RISKS AND SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC LOSSES either not known to me or not readily foreseeable at this time; and I FULLY ACCEPT AND ASSUME ALL SUCH RISKS AND ALL RESPONSIBILITY FRO LOSSES, COSTS, AND DAMAGES I incur as a result of my participation in the activity. 3. HEREBY RELEASE, DISCHARGE, COVENANT NOT TO SUE the CLUB, the LAB, their respective administrators, directors, agents, volunteers, and employees, other participants any sponsors, advertisers, and if applicable, owners and lessors of the premises on which the Activity takes place, (each considered one of the RELEASES herein) FROM ALL LIABILITY, CLAIMS, DEMANDS, LOSSES, OR DAMAGES ON MY ACCOUNT CAUSED OR ALLEGED TO BE CAUSED IN WHOLE OR IN PART BY THE NEGLIGENCE OF THE RELEASEES OR OTHERWISE INCLUDING NEGLIGENT RESCUE OPERATIONS; AND I FURTHER AGREE that if despite this RELEASE AND WAIVER OF LIABILITY I or anyone on my behalf, makes a claim against any of the Releasees, I WILL INDEMNIFY, SAVE AND HOLD HARMLESS EACH OF THE RELEASEES from any litigation expenses, attorney fees, loss, liability, damage, or cost which any may occur as a result of this claim. I HAVE READ THIS AGREEMENT, FULLY UNDERSTAND ITS TERMS, UNDERSTAND THAT I HAVE GIVEN UP SUBSTANTIAL RIGHTS BY SIGNING IT, AND HAVE SIGNED FREELY AND WITHOUT ANY INDUCEMENT OR ASSURANCE OF ANY NATURE AND INTEND IT TO BE A COMPLETE AND UNCONDITIONAL RELEASE OF ALL LIABILITY TO THE GREATEST EXTENT ALLOWED BY LAW AND AGREE THAT IF ANY PORTION OF THE AGREEMENT IS HELD TO BE INVALID, THE BALANCE NOTWITHSTANDING , SHALL CONTINUE IN FULL FORCE AND EFFECT. PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE: ___________________________________________________ If under 18 (Parent/Guardian) Signature: Daily Trail Release & Waiver of Liability & Indemnity Agreement Adapted with permission from the Red Rock Fourwheelers Club Sorry to slow the fun by making you wade through legal-ese, but when you get to an ORC-sponsored event, you'll be asked to sign the following release waiver. I'm sad that we can't take personal responsibility for granted, but in this increasingly litigious society, I think a disclaimer is a necessary precaution. It should also remind us that this is serious business and that we all have to be responsible for our own actions. If you need a spotter Business Reports

Benjamin Britten Biography

Benjamin Britten Biography Introduction A renowned classic music composer, soloist and director, Benjamin Britten was born in England, on November 22, 1913. Even in his childhood, he was actively involved in music, composing his first works at the tender age of five. From then on he progressed in creativity and composition even though he had no form of technical training in music. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, his mother was a part time singer and she aided his growth in approach and musical content. The Royal Falily is one of his well known compositions in his early childhood, which was about the death of the fifth son of George V in 1919. Educational background Frank Bridge, who was a well known music composer, became interested in Britten while he was still very young. Frank had a passion for developing innovative styles of music which led him to see the unique qualitie s of Britten’s work [1]. Frank was therefore in a sense responsible for mentoring Bitten, providing him with the technical understanding that Bitten needed to create quality compositions. The only well known institution that Britten enrolled into was the Royal College of Music in 1930 with a goal of studying musical composition and the piano under the tutorship of Arthur Benjamin, John Ireland and Harold Samuel [2]. It was here that his work begun receiving acclaim, for he went on to receive numerous awards for compositions like a â€Å"Boy was Born†, in 1933. Musical career From April 1935, Britten adopted music as a profession when he took on the job of creating music for documentary films produced by the General Post Office (GPO). It was here that he met W.H. Auden in July 1935, and they went on to work on several projects together while at GPO, including the films Coal Face, Night Mail and the song series â€Å"Our Hunting Fathers†. Auden was a brilliant p oet who went on to influence much of Britten’s 1942 composition; â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† [3]. It is while still working at GPO when Britten met Peter Pears in 1937, who later became his musical collaborator and a source for musical inspiration. It was in that same year that he composed â€Å"Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge† for string orchestra, one of his most remarkable works. Move to America The primary reason that made Britten move to America in 1939 was that at the time, Auden had immigrated to America. Another reason is that he was disgruntled by the cold reception that his work â€Å"A Pacifist March† had received, after he had composed it for the Peace Pledge Union [4]. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Along with his friend Peter Pears, they set off for the United States and eventually settled in Amityville, Long Island, New York. In 1940, Pears inspired Britten to composed â€Å"Seven Sonnets of Michelangelo†, the first among many songs that he would dedicate to Pears. His stay in America consequently influenced Britten, who together with Auden wrote an operetta, â€Å"Paul Bunyan† a musical drama which was followed by a number of works like â€Å"the Violin Concerto† and â€Å"Sinfonia da Requiem† for orchestra performance [5]. In 1943, Britten together with Pears returned to England and went on to release â€Å"Hymn to St. Cecilia† which he had composed on his trip back from America in March, 1942 and shortly after his return, in 1943, he composed â€Å"Rejoice in the La† [6]. Famous works A unique quality that can among others be identified in Britten is his consistency. Through out his life, Brittan went on to write and compose music till his death in 1976. However, some of his works went ahead to receive great public acclaim and consequently won Britten a great number of prizes and awards. Britten’s most popular works include; â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†, â€Å"Peter Grimes† and â€Å"The War Requiem†. A Midsummer Nights Dream This is an opera by set to a libretto and was modified by Benjamin Britten together with Peter Pears and was drawn from William Shakespeares play, â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream†. The sound is highly individual and harmoniously subtle and riddled with tenor undertones. Unlike most of his other works, Peter Pears did not assume a leading role on stage, as an alternative he took up the comical character of Flute. â€Å"A Midsummer Nights Dream† won Britten the 1961 UNESCO International Rostrum of Composers Award. Peter Grimes Peter Grimes is also an opera with the libretto having been modified by Montagu Slater. The original Peter Grimes was from a section of George Crabbes poem â€Å"The Borough†. It is highly thought that the main reason why Britten moved bac k to England from America is because of this poem, because he strongly related with the misfortune of the fisherman named Peter Grimes [7]. However, Britten altered the personality of Grimes from the antagonist he was in Crabbes poem, to a victim of social injustices who is wrongly understood. In this opera, the borough is a fictional village which shares the same scenario with that of Crabbe and also to that of Aldeburgh, on Englands east coast, where in fact, Britten lived at the time. The opera therefore had several innuendos pointing at Britten’s and Pears’ life. In a broader sense, Peter Grimes was the first opera composed by Britten that was professionally criticized and popular among the public.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Benjamin Britten Biography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The War Requiem The War Requiem was written for the commemoration of Coventry Cathedral where it was first per formed on 30 May 1962. The core of this composition was full of pacifist signatures mainly so because the Battle of Britain in World War II had left the Coventry Cathedral completely ruined [8]. Britten was requested to compose something to be performed at the ceremony to officially announce the completion of a new cathedral which was designed by Basil Spence and was built next to the ruins of the original structure [9]. Bearing in mind that the work was to be presented inside the new cathedral, acoustics were definitely to be included since Brittan was an accomplished acoustic pianist. The ceremony was graced by a number of Britten’s works, including Tippetts opera King Priam. The War Requiem was dedicated to four of Brittens friends who were killed during World War I, and was used to send a strong pacifist message. It was not a glorification of the British troops, rather a public declaration of Brittens anti-war convictions. This piece pointed out to others the wickedness of war, and not necessarily the wickedness of human beings [10]. Britten wrote the War Requiem for a German, a Russian and a British soloist, meaning he viewed war as a universal loss and not just loss to his home country, and therefore emphasized the need for unity and peace. Effectively, the War Requiem was as well intended to serve as a warning to future generations, negating the absurdity of taking up arms against fellow human beings. Among all of his works, The War Requiem has by far been deemed the most popular to this day. Consequently, he went on to receive numerous awards due to this piece even after his death. Some of the prizes he received are â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Classical Album of the Year†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Performance†, â€Å"Grammy Awards 1963 Best Classical Composition by a Contemporary Composer†, Sonning Award 1967, â€Å"BRIT Awards 1977 Best Orchestral Album† and the â€Å"Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 1998†. Conclusion There is no doubt that Benjamin Britten was a gifted individual when it came to music. Apart from being a skilled pianist, he composed some remarkable works and was also a music conductor. He drew inspiration from the people he surrounded himself with like Peter Pears and the poet Auden. Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Britten did however face rejection from other composers whom did no find his style trendy. He was forced to move away from London due to the rejection which can be seen in most of his work. Most of his leading characters are misunderstood by the society that they are in and it is possible that he was pointing at himself. All in all, Britten’s work will surely prevail for a long time for his compositions are performed. References Carpenter, Humphrey. Benjamin Britten: A Biography. New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992. Evans, Peter. The Music of Benjamin Britten. Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979. Kennedy, Michael. Britten Works. London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981. [1] Humphrey Carpenter. Benjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 32 [2] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21. [3] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [4] Humphrey Carpenter. B enjamin Britten: A Biography (New York: Charles Scribners Sons, 1992), p. 38. [5] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [6] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 46. [7] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 75. [8] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 117. [9] Peter Evans. The Music of Benjamin Britten (Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press, 1979), p. 54. [10] Michael Kennedy. Britten (London: J.M. Dent Sons Ltd, 1981), p. 21.

Providing school guidance with children that are being bullied Research Paper

Providing school guidance with children that are being bullied - Research Paper Example ng through email, instant messaging, in a chat room, on a website or gaming site, or through digital messages or images sent to a cellular phone† (Kowalski, Limber, & Agatston 2007, as cited in Tippett, Thompson, & Smith, n.d., p.1). The pervasive and insidious character of cyber bullying enabling it to penetrate even the sanctuary of homes has increasingly worried parents as they know that the technology to which their children are largely exposed to is the same technology that cyber bullies anonymously manipulate to harm others (Mclaughlin, 2008, par.3). Statistical data on the extent of bullying vary. â€Å"However, the general consensus is that one out of three children are bullied at school, in the neighborhood, or online and that one out of three children bully others† (American Association of School Administrators, 2009, p.7). â€Å"Surveys indicate that as many as half of all children are bullied at some time during their school years, and at least 10% are bullied on a regular basis† (American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2008, par.1). International studies revealed that, â€Å"bullying is common and affects anywhere from 9% to 54% of children† (Yale University 2008, par.6). â€Å"Nearly three in four teenagers say they were bullied online at least once during a recent 12-mont period† (University of California, 2008, par. 1). Californian researchers’ new study discovered that almost 90% of third graders to sixth graders experienced being bullied, while 56% admitted being bullies themselves (Harding, 2007, par. 1). Much had been documented about the effects of bullying. â€Å"An estimated 160,000 children miss school everyday out of fear of attack or intimidation by other students† (â€Å"Watch for warning signs,† 2006, par. 1). â€Å"Children who are bullied suffer more greatly from anxiety, depression, loneliness, and post-traumatic stress than do other children, and they have a heightened risk of suicide (Marini, Dane, Bosacki, & YLC-CURA 2006,

Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Social Responsibility - Essay Example When Smith says, he has â€Å"never known much good done by those who affected to trade for the public good† and calls it an â€Å"affectation [indeed] not very common among merchants† (159), he may be referring to businesspeople who do good so much that they run their businesses to the ground. An example is a baker giving away too much free bread that he becomes bankrupt. Merchants do not want to go bankrupt because they do not want to trade for the public good more than they want to make profits. In addition, Smith does not necessarily say that companies should ignore the greater good in making profits. He emphasizes the importance of trading in making profits, but he does not promote unethical or illegal practices because if the public know about it or if the government catches them, then they will have bad publicity or the government might close their business. My definition of social responsibility is responsibility for shareholders, employees, consumers, communities where businesses operate, and the environment. This does not fit into Friedman’s definition to some extent. My social responsibility definition agrees with Friedman that social responsibility promotes the goal of increasing profits. Staying within the rules of the game can also be aligned with being responsible for employees, consumers, communities where businesses operate, and the environment because laws also protect them in varying degrees. However, how about in communities or countries where fairness and environmental laws are weak or lacking? My definition of social responsibility is proactive in doing what is right for all stakeholders with or without these laws. I believe that businesses have a social responsibility to their fellow man because I agree with Kant that people have duties to do what can be universalized and doing my definition of social responsibili ty is something that can be

Role of Technology in Travel Management

Role of Technology in Travel Management TRAVEL INDUSTRY CURRENT PRACTICES INTRODUCTION In this chapter I will take an overview of the travel industry in order to better understand the context about which I am writing. Consideration of the value of the business travel spend, the role of Travel Management Companies and the role of technology in its operation and future vision, are the relevant issues in this regard. An outline of the various managerial approaches used by private industry will help inform my analysis of travel management in the public sector and what lessons can be learnt. VALUE OF BUSINESS TRAVEL In 2013 Hermes Consultancy Management produced a white paper on ‘Corporate Travel Management in Western Europe: Opportunities and Challenges’. The research was commissioned by Amadeus (a Global Distribution Service provider) in order to better understand how organisations manage their travel activities and to identify saving opportunities for travel managers. The white paper calculated that in 2011, business travel in Western Europe amounted to almost â‚ ¬ 200 billion, concentrated in five countries: Germany, UK, France, Italy and Spain. Hermes (2013). Eleven corporations in the UK, France, Belgium, Ireland and the Netherlands took part in the research study and numerous travel mangers, executives and travellers from these companies were interviewed. The Central Statistics Office tells us that in 2011, the Irish business travel spend was â‚ ¬548 million on 698,000 business trips (CSO 2013) of that public sector travel under the Government air travel contract was : â‚ ¬5.9 million for 18,358 trips and in 2013 it increased to â‚ ¬6,972, 477 for 25,902 trips. The increase in volume can be attributed to Ireland Presidency of EU during 2013. Business travel is a substantial and growing sector with a significant travel spend. As globalisation continues apace, companies and governments will reach out to newer markets for their goods and services, at the same time as continuing to consolidate traditional markets in a challenging economic climate. Figures from the Global Business Travel Association (GBTA) indicate that spending on business travel within the UK, Germany, France, Italy and Spain is forecasted to climb by 6% next year, an increase which may be set to come about as a result of improvements to the global economy. Government travel is predicted to increase by 4.9% according to GBTA, who believe that the slightly lower percentage for government travel might be because governments have already successfully cut travel spend, while corporate business is enjoying an uptick as it starts and continues to hire new employees who travel. Government business in Europe accounts for 4.7% (â‚ ¬940 mil) of all business travel demand compared with 5% globally. The Director of Operations with GBTA McGavock believes that, that share is expected to increase for at least the short term. â€Å"While 2012 was a difficult year, by the end of 2013 we predict an upturn, and in 2014 we believe we will see extensive growth. The next five years should see a bounce back in business travel among all of Western Europe’s major markets.† The European Commission predicts that the 27 countries it represents will emerge from recession in the fourth quarter of 2013, with its overall economy growing by 1.4% in 2014, Eurostat (2012). Accompanying this growth will be an increasing requirement for corporate travel and this expansion will require robust and innovative management in order to control costs and spend. TRAVEL MANAGEMENT COMPANIES Travel Management Companies are the medium through which organisations use to implement and manage their business travel requirements. They should not be confused with the work of a traditional Travel Agency which provides travel to the leisure traveller on behalf of suppliers, airline, hotel, car hire companies. Most travel agencies have a separate department that deals with business travel, and some travel agencies specialise in commercial and business travel only. This department would trade as a travel management company and implement the organisations travel policy. They procure travel on behalf of the organisation according to its policy on the class of travel permitted to fly, negotiate corporate fares/rates with airlines and hotels as well allowing the organisation use its corporate credit card to procure flights online via their online booking tool. According to the Buying Business Travel magazine (2013) the top five (5) TMC’s operating in Europe based on their European spend are: CarlsonWagonlit Travel (CWT), ( £1,157m) HRG Travel, ( £1,000m) American Express, ( £958.1m) Capital Travel and Events ( £525m) BCD, ( £480m) FCM Travel Solutions ( £428) All of the above have a presence in Ireland through either partner agreements or wholly owned. The current provider for the Irish Government travel contract is CarlsonWagonlit Travel. The previous government providers were; HRG (Club Travel) and FCM Solutions. Due to the size of the Government spend approximately â‚ ¬6 to â‚ ¬9 mil annually it is not surprising that the top TMC’s have continually competed for the business. In addition as it is a centralised contract, a large sized company would be required to deal with the volume of transactions generated by Irish Government travel. Each of these companies use a global distribution system (GDS) which provides a network whereby TMC’s can access fares from the various airline reservations systems and facilitates online transactions. This in turn provides a portal for clients of TMC’s to procure their air travel through the use of online booking tools OBT). The most popular GDS providers are, Travelport, Galil eo, Sabre and Amadeus, public sector has had access to Travelport through KDS OBT licensed by CWT and Galileo OBT licensed by HRG. ECONOMIC CLIMATE The impact of the global economic downturn has resulted in an increased emphasis on generating savings, as companies strive to operate within an ever decreasing resource envelope. This is relevant to all organisations and Travel Management Companies in particular. Economic stringency has allowed travel managers to take a more prominent role within their companies, and has made travel management, as a profession, an important element of a company’s strategic planning. According to the Global Business Travel Association (2014), travel managers have been asked to lead company-wide efforts to reduce travel costs, track relevant savings, and report them back to senior management. The knock-on effect of this to TMC’s is increased competitiveness within the travel management sector. The natural ambition of business organisations is specifically the transformation of inputs (resources) into outputs (goods or services) (Worthington Britton, 2006: 4). In the context of a TMC, th e company employs the relevant staff to carry out specialised travel advisory duties, and provides the necessary booking systems to their staff in order to maximise their input to output ratio; in the current economic climate this is becoming more and more challenging. So the drive is on in every sector to achieve greater value for money. TECHNOLOGY In Chapter 2, I looked at technology in relation to the procurement of travel; here I will examine it as it impacts on the business environment, in which TMC’s operate. In terms of external environmental factors, Thomas Davenport (2013) indicated that technological change is one of the main issues currently impacting TMC’s, with the potential of completely transforming the way in which the companies operate. Davenport ( 2013) and a number of other authors including Fred Gebhard (2013), highlighted that the travel industry is at a ‘Big Data’ crossroads, and that complex, large volume and unstructured datasets are beginning to reshape and transform the industry. Additionally, Davenport suggested that big data will require the industry to address a number of challenges, in order to unlock its potential: technological complexity; data accuracy and rights of use; business and technological alignment. At the corporate buyer level gaining access to accurate travel reporting data is a major factor in the effective management of air travel and presents opportunity to identify where savings can be achieved. This is very important for both the buyer and supplier of air travel. It is interesting to note that technological developments pose both an opportunity; and a threat to TMC’s. The opportunities for the companies may involve ensuring the company is up to date with technological advancements within the industry in order to remain competitive. Conversely, if TMC’s are slow on the uptake of embracing and implementing new technology in their organisation, they may be at a disadvantage within the business travel market. Overall, the rapid advancements in technology alone present a significant challenge to the travel industry, specifically to TMC’s. Voice BASED AND MOBILE TECHNOLOGY A key writer on the travel industry, Scott Gillespie (2012) identified various technological changes which he emphasised are a ‘tipping point’ for the corporate travel industry. Some of those changes mentioned include the technological advancements of voice-based user interfaces from Apple, Google. Gillespie asserted that these new interfaces may be a threat to company policy compliance, due to the convenience of using such interfaces for travellers; which may in turn cause them to purchase travel outside of company policy direction. If the traveller does not book through the proper channels directed within company policy, there is no way for the TMC or corporation to track the traveller’s whereabouts or provide them with services in an emergency (West, 2013) In Chapter 2 we looked at ‘M’ technology and the growth of that market and its increasing importance in the procurement of air travel. CarlsonWagonlit Travel has invested in this area in its rece nt acquisition of Worldmate a leading mobile technology company. This will bear fruit in CWT’s mobile app ‘CWT TO GO’. Airlines are slowly moving towards mobile phone app technology which will replaces the requirement for printing of electronic tickets and boarding passes by using mobile phone QR code (barcode) technology to check in for flights. The ongoing evolution of technology emphasises the importance for TMC’s to keep up to date with it in the provision of procurement systems for clients which are not only economical, efficient and effective but contemporary and convenient to use. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (CSR) The concept that organisations should be held accountable for the effects of their actions on people, their communities and the environment is known as CSR. There are many aspects of CSR which impact on the travel industry and consequently their end users. There are increasing concerns for rising carbon emissions; this coupled with rising costs naturally leads organisations to seek alternatives to air travel. These alternatives include video conferencing and webinars, however, it has been emphasised that face-to-face meetings still remain an important aspect of business negotiations (Forbes, 2009). This affects the competitive environment of TMC’s, since a threat of a substitute method to conduct meetings is available. Travel Management companies need to maintain their relevance in a rapidly changing business environment. And Government travel needs to be particularly vigilant as penalties are imposed on increasing carbon emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. MODELS OF TRAVEL MANAGEMENT It is not feasible to produce a definitive list of air travel procurement models, but in general they fall under the following categories; INHOUSE CENTRALISED MODEL TMC; This model is one where all travel is procured from a centralised office within the company in association with a TMC, who provides online and offline bookings. This model allows greater control over travel policy and spends and is used by both private and public sector. Business travelers would feel this model is too restrictive and doesn’t allow flexibility but that is mute point when it comes to controlling spend. INHOUSE DECENTRALISED MODEL TMC This model is one where travel can be procured by the individual employee either directly with the TMC for offline booking or online through the corporate booking tool. This model allows greater control to the individual and is favored by high-tech or internet based companies, E.G. EBay, Google, independence over their booking. This model tends to be accompanied by an incentive programme, whereby travelers can gain perks by purchasing travel within company policy and in this way costs can be controlled. INHOUSE CENTRALISED AND DECENTRALISED TMC This model is a mixture of the two above and is a very inefficient model of travel procurement as it is very difficult to control travel expenditure and policy compliance. It is generally adopted by organisations where there is little senior management buy in to control the travel spend. INHOUSE TMC IMPLANT. This model allows a staff member of the TMC to reside within the organisation to procure all of the travel requirements of the organisation. This can be an expensive option unless travel policy is strictly enforced. INHOUSE GDS IMPLANT( verify with Volker in Amadeus/ Microsoft ) This model allows for the provision of a staff member of the GDS provider to be embedded within the organisation to assist the procurement of all travel requirements of the organisation. This can be a very efficient option as it eliminates the ‘middle man’ charges of the TMC in the procurement of air travel as it procures direct with the GDS provider. Some organisations who favour this method also have a TMC contract for the provision of VIP or specialised travel only. In the public sector in Ireland government travel is purchased through a centralised contract but managed and procured in many different ways by each of the Government Departments, bodies and agencies with varying usage of online and offline methods. Some use the contract to procure only air travel, others use it for air and hotel (Brussels hotels only as per the contract) and car hire. More and more private companies are using a travel expense management system (OBT) where all expenses related to travel; air, hotel, car, and subsistence/entertainment are captured on the same system, in this way making it more transparent and easier to control and analyse travel expenditure. SUMMARY The world of business travel is a valuable, innovative and technologically evolving industry. The opening up of new markets and the drive to expand business into new frontiers is a reality. Coupled with this is the requirement to develop new business relationships which must be nurtured though face to face meetings thus giving continued impetus to this sector. We have reviewed the role and function of TMC’s and technology in the travel industry and the future challenges they face. The various models of travel management gives us an insight into how the travel industry operates and provides a framework that can be compared against the research findings when examined in more detail and assist in establishing what can we learnt by both the private and public sector in the management of air travel